The factors responsible for Mexican debt crisis in the 1980s Essay

The factors responsible for Mexican debt crisis in the 1980s - Essay Example This problem soon spread to other developing countries in the world hence becoming a global debt crisis. It led to long term accumulation of commercial bank debts in the public sector. The factors responsible for the Mexico debt crisis of the 1980s can be broadly categorized into demand factors and supply factors. The demand factors are those that contributed to Mexico’s decision to seek for external financial aid hence contracting of many loans from commercial banks. The supply factors are those factors that enabled or encouraged commercial banks to lend money to Mexico and other developing countries. These factors contributed directly or indirectly to Mexico’s contracting loans or more loans and incapacity to repay these loans. In the 1960s and 1970s, Mexico borrowed lots of money from international creditors. The money was to be used for purposes of industrialization especially development of infrastructure. At this time, Mexico’s economy was good. This motivated the creditors to continue providing loans. This increased Mexico’s rate of debt to commercial banks and consequently to increased debt service, that is, repayment of the principal and interests. Later on, most of these loans were given on short term basis. This imposed a pressure of meeting loan maturation dates. External debt grew till it was 50% of its gross domestic product (GDP) in 1983 (Sebastian, 1996). According to (Rudiger, 1985), there was a general recession in the world economy in the 1970s and 1980s. This was caused by a sharp increase in the prices of oil which started in the year 1971. Oil prices increased because the fixed exchange rates system which the Bretton Woods innovated had failed. This innovation had helped governments to free themselves from limitations presented to them by a fixed parity. Its role was to ensure that domestic demand was managed well so as to safeguard against haphazard increase in imports. As a result of

Business Proposal-ECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Business Proposal-ECONOMICS - Essay Example As there are high number of sellers and producers our product will have an edge over the other products as we have the latest technology for the making of leather shoes. Technology has helped us lower the cost by reducing labor cost. As it is homogenous product, it will be sold at a price determined by the market but our quality at that price will be the best as compared to our competitors (Boyes, 2013). The selected product is elastic as change in the price of the product will also change the demand of the product. An increase in price can cause a fall in the demand of the product and by such market response we know that the market is competitive and there can be a difficulty in making more profit. As there is a difficulty in increasing profit, we will introduce our product at a lower cost while maintaining a high quality in the market (McEacher, 2013). The price of my product with the provided quality will be low as compared in the competitive market, so if there will be an overall increase in the prices of shoes it will not affect the demand of my product as compared to those of my competitors in the market and the demand of my product will be less elastic. If the price of overall footwear decreases, the demand of our product will be elastic as we will also lower our prices because our variable cost is low due to less labor cost. Pricing will have an impact on our business because if the price of footwear falls we will earn less profit than we are earning at the current market price. The theories of economics explain that a firm should keep on producing a product until its marginal cost becomes equal to its marginal revenue because it is the point where the profit is maximized. Quantity supplied will keep on increasing until we are earning the more revenue than cost from an additional unit. As discussed above our prices will be low in the market therefore we can produce more to earn more revenue

Crusades in the 14th and 15th Century

Crusades in the 14th and 15th Century To what extent did the idea of crusading remain integral to the chivalric culture of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? In the traditional view, the crusades started in the 11th century and ended in the last decade of the 13th. There is much debate, however, surrounding to what extent later crusading activity can indeed be considered crusading, and what role it played in chivalric culture of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The formation of chivalric culture was no doubt influenced to some extent by crusading ideology. Chivalry is made up of a range of activities, values and attitudes,[1] with crusading itself being viewed as a chivalrous activity and military orders formed during the crusades before the fourteenth century seen by some to be early examples of chivalry.[2] The first crusade gave birth to new ideas of the role of the warrior in Christian society; defence of the faith and reclamation of the Holy Land was, according to the church, the highest task to which a knight could dedicate himself and the 1099 triumph at Jerusalem set the standard for defence of holy places as the highest goal of chivalry.[3] Benedictine theologian and historian, Guibert de Nogent, wrote in the 12th century that God himself had started a holy war to allow knights to seek Gods grace in their wonted habit and in discharge of their own office, and need no longerseek salvation by renouncing the world in the profession of monk,[4] suggesting that crusading elevated knights to positions similar to priests and emphasising the prestigious and highly pious aspect of knighthood. Similarly, crusader poet Aymer de Pegulhan writes that crusading allows the achievement of honour in life and joy in paradise without renouncing our rich garments, our station in life, all that pleases and charms.[5] This idea that crusading brought distinction and recognition was widely understood into the fourteenth century, and features as a common theme in contemporary texts. Chaucers Knight, for example, represents an embodiment of the loftiest chivalric ideals and an idealised aspiration of many fourteenth century English crusaders.[6] In examining the extent to which crusading remained integral to the chivalric culture of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, one must first examine what is meant by the term crusade. The label crusade was uncommon before the 1700s and, contemporarily, there was no single accepted term; words that suggested travel (often combined with references to Jerusalem, the cross, or the Holy Land) were used, and early sources often labelled participants as pilgrims or simply Christians.[7] It is therefore understandable that what constitutes a crusade is ambiguous and varies between scholars. Constable[8] gives four approaches to defining the crusades: pluralist, traditionalist, generalist, and popularist. Pluralists see papal authorisation as the key criterion for a crusade, irrespective of the nature or location of the conflict,[9] which therefore includes such conflicts as the Alexandrian Crusade‎, Mahdian Crusade‎, Battle of Nicopolis‎, Crusade of Varna, and the Hussite Wars. In a similar vein, generalists see all wars with papal connections fought in defence of Christianity as crusades.[10] Traditionalists, on the other hand, view crusades as expeditions from 1095 to 1291 that aimed to defend or recover the Holy Land, thus dismissing all later activity[11] with some arguing that this would also have been the view held by contemporaries.[12] Similarly, the First Crusade alone is considered a crusade by popularists, who limit this label to conflicts characterised by popular religious upsurges.[13] It is understandable, therefore, that scholars from th ese different schools of thought will have different understandings of the extent to which the idea of crusading remained integral to the chivalric culture of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. A golden age of crusading,[14] an epoch of crises and confusions, incoherent and diffuse[15] and a Indian summer of crusading[16] have all been used to describe fourteenth century crusading and, indeed, there is much debate surrounding the nature of crusading in this period. The devastating loss of Jerusalem and Acre in the 12th and 13th centuries may have motivated Christians to act and roused them to the reality of Christianitys precarious position in the Levant, and wandering kings such as Peter I de Lusignan and King Leon VI of Cicilian Armenia may have helped remind them of the fortune of fellow Christians in foreign lands.[17] Even with repeated and expensive attempts, the early fourteenth century saw no successful crusades to recover the Holy Land.[18] Despite papal taxation, proposed by the Second Lyons Council, domestic needs of rulers, who accepted taxation insofar as they could benefit from it, meant that they could not support the idea of funds being used by another ruler in the organisation of a recovery crusade.[19] Traditionally, this failure to launch an expedition to the holy land is understood to indicate the end of the age of crusading and an increase in conflict which made difficult the international cooperation needed to launch such an expedition. The early to middle of the fourteenth century was certainly a difficult climate for crusading: the suppression of the Knights Templar had created a sense of confusion and anxiety, joined with a feeling of disenchantment due to the abandonment of attempts to reclaim the Holy Land.[20] Understandably, many nobles at this time regarded crusading with a sense of suspicion and caution, despite family tradition,[21] and financial and political factors upon which crusading relied were affected by plague, the Anglo-French war, and the collapse of the Italian banking houses (upon which papal taxation of the Church depended).[22] These factors make it easy to comprehend why many may have agreed with chronicler Salimbene of Adam that it is not the divine will that the Holy Sepulchre should be recovered.[23] Traditionalists are inclined to label crusading activity in this period as an irrelevant hobby confined to enthusiasts, unimpressive compared to former achievements, far removed from the harsh realities of the age,[24] and little more than an aftermath in crusade history.[25] Indeed, crusading activity in this period was characteristically dissimilar from the general passagia before it; the Holy Land remained out of Christian control, with focus turning less towards seemingly unattainable holy places and more towards the hethenesse (that is, the land of heathens).[26] Despite this shifting focus, religion was, of course, still a major factor in the continuation of crusading activity. According to Huizinga, medieval thought was saturated in every part with conceptions of the Christian faith,[27] and of the ten chivalric commandments assigned by Gaultier in 1883, three are concerned with the church and defence of Christian religion.[28] There was no doubt a strong religious factor in embarking upon crusades in the late Middle Ages. The first and principle glory of the dignity of true chivalry is to fight for the faith according to Philippe de Mezieres;[29] Duke of Bourbon, Louis IIs, motivation for commanding the Al-Mahdiya crusade in 1390 was his similar desire to serve God;[30] wanting to expand Christianity by dedicating himself to Gods service is apparently John of Neverss reason for his enthusiasm for the Nicopolis crusade; [31] and references to the honour of God and the Virgin were made at the Feast of the Pheasant in the mid-fifteenth centur y. Although it is hard, if not impossible, to know an individuals true feelings in regards to faith, chivalric culture continued to emphasise religious piety and the lofty ideals of crusading, and there is no cause to suspect insincerity in such devotion: the knight John de la Ryvere, for example, supposedly abstained from all conflict that he deemed morally unjust whilst on campaign and Robert, Lord Fitzpayn, described a readiness to destroy bodies, friends and wealth for the sake of the crusade.[32] No doubt an image of the sacrifice of Christ was not overlooked in these seemingly martyrlike desires to serve God,[33] and the great suffering involved meant crusading was often regarded as superior to other forms of pilgrimage. 12th century French Dominican friar, Humbert of Romans, for example, believed that crusading represented the highest form of pilgrimage, as crusaders expose themselves to death repeatedly.[34] Furthermore, Mamluks, Turks, and other enemies of Christianity must have seemed worthy targets of retaliation for the suffering of Christ.[35] Furthermore, crusading was also a means of redeeming the soul: in the fourteenth century, atoning for the sins of others, both living and dead, was encouraged of crusaders; concern for salvation of the dead was reflected in 1365 lobbying of the pope for indulgences for those who gave masses in memory of ancestors, and church rites and rituals for the crusades are well attested, such as a specially adapted group of psalms and pra yers inserted between the breaking of the Host and the Pax Domini before communion to invoke divine aid for the Holy Land.[36] Chivalrys religious ideals were not the lone causes of the continued relevance of crusading; reputation and honour were major factors, alongside friendships and loyalties, encouraged by cultural contact between European courts[37] and the fact that crusading allowed a chance for knights to distinguish themselves from rivals. Social and material advancement was a coveted reward for the military prestige associated with crusading; for example, upon his return from Constantinople in 1368, servant of Sir John Mowbray, John Dodenill, was promoted to post of warrener.[38] These factors are reasons for why the idea of crusading remained relevant to chivalric culture in the fourteenth century, and for why the importance of crusading activity in this period should not be overlooked or underestimated. Failure to organise an expedition to reclaim the Holy Land was not due to disinterest on the part of knights, but was instead caused by complex political factors of the time, such as the conflict between England and France, and the papal schism. The challenges of this period may have been discouraging, but it has been argued that, between 1307 and 1399, English knights enjoyed their greatest degree of opportunity and freedom, with shorter crusade service terms and a wide range of war frontiers encouraging an eager response that, according to Guard, can be considered to rival, if not eclipse, the response to crusading in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries.[39] For this reason, it is not hard to see why many scholars have labelled the fourteenth c entury a golden age of crusading.[40] Just as fourteenth century crusading differed from early crusading, the fifteenth century saw a further shift, with the September 1396 Nicopolis disaster viewed as a turning point[41] that saw the start of major changes taking place within both crusading and chivalry. Factors such as Henry IV and Vs increased demands for war, and domestic political crises at the end of the fourteenth century meant a reduction in crusading numbers and a decrease in the diversity and range of crusading which had been so characteristic of the previous century.[42] The Lancastrian revolution in the last year of the fourteenth century ended the atmosphere of co-operation and idealism which had supported crusade planning at intermittent times during the fourteenth century and ensured there were no additional attempts at organising a combined Anglo-French expedition. The romantic idea of crusading still held power, though; a desire for the king to eventually reclaim the Holy Land as a seemingly logical prog ression of the 1415 Agincourt victory is presented in the Gesta Henri Quinti, and according to Burgundian chroniclers, Henry V had exchanged crusade vows before the offensive against the Dauphin in 1420.[43] But times had changed and international crusading had come under pressure from many directions. The continuing centralisation of the monarchy and growing debate and criticism regarding the kings duty to act for the greater good assisted an increasingly strong sense of the geographical confines of the crown. Church propaganda and patriotism validated a monopoly on military resources for the war with France, and thus focus was shifted closer to home, which can be seen in the fact that, after Henry V, a king would not fight at the head of an army outside the British isles again until Henry VIII and the Battle of the Spurs in 1513. Crusade opportunities began to dry up. In short, the political and social climate previous to the Nicopolis crusade could not be recovered.[44] In the fifteenth century, crusadings main adversaries became the Ottoman Turks. English knightly traffic to Rhodes and other outpots of Christianity persisted, but their military impact and numbered were minimal and by the end of the Hundred Years War, the audience for which Chaucer and Mezieres had written had largely disappeared.[45] Furthermore, the idea of chivalry as a value system was coming under increased pressure, and the role of the knight in English society was changing, edging towards a less martial occupation. Conventional ideology remained in place but in the first decades of the fifteenth century, decisive changes in the character of contemporary chilvary came to light, with movement away from the dynastic wars of the fourteenth century towards what was formatted as a struggle for the respublica.[46] Concepts of sovereign authority, legitimiate war making and the guiding principles of profit and loss helped shape military expectations, and from the very begin of the Hundred Years War signs of the pressure of standards quite other than those on which chivalry was founded had been apparent. Therefore, in conclusion, it seems that crusading did remain a defining function of chivalric society, particularly in the fourteenth century, which was the so-called golden age of English chivalry. In the fourteenth century, it was a diverse, multifaceted, and vibrant set of practices,[47] which is particularly impressive against the aforementioned backdrop of hindrances and setbacks.[48] Crusading remained integral to chivalric culture in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries because it exemplified so many chivalric ideals, from religious piety to However, it is hard to say to what extent crusading itself is integral to chivalry, as much as its values are. Crusading exemplifies the idea of a pious, sacrificing knight, which is no doubt why it was a popular expression of chivalry in the fourteenth century. In the fifteenth century, but more recent views do tend to emphasise renewed vitality of this new crusading activity, This new crusading was characterised by its decentralisation and diversity, made up of smaller expeditions not in the Holy Land but on the edges of Europe.[49] Whatever the case, there is a lot to be said for stressing the adaptability, as well as the sheer resilience, of the movement. [50] As a final note, it seems almost wilfully short-sighted to take a traditionalist or generalist view in this matter; to the participants, these crusades must surely have seemed as valid and as crucial as any before them. It is easy to overlook or underestimate their significance in retrospect, and one must remember that, to contemporary minds, recapturing the Holy Land was still an uncertainty. Even if the fighting was not in the Holy Land itself, it surely served the same purpose in the spiritual lives of the participants. Characterised by fighting in the hethenesse, as opposed to the expeditions to holy places that defined early crusades, Bibliography Constable, G. 2001. The Historiography of the Crusades. In Laiou, Angeliki E.; Mottahedeh, Roy P. The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World. 1-22. Crouch, D. 2005. The Birth of Nobility: Constructing Aristocracy in England and France 900-1300 Gaultier, L. 1891. Chivalry: translated by Henry Frith. Guard, T. 2013. Chivalry, Kingship and Crusade: The English Experience in the Fourteenth Century. Hazard, H. W. (ed.) 1975. Chapter One: The Crusade in the Fourteenth Century in The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. 2-26. University of Wisconsin Press . Housley, N. 1992. The Later Crusades, 1274-1580: From Lyons to Alcazar. Oxford University Press. Housley, N. 1999. The Crusading Movement 1274-1700 in Riley-Smith, J (ed) The Oxford History of the Crusades. Oxford University Press. Housley, N. 2017. The Crusade in the Fifteenth Century: Converging and competing cultures. Routledge. Huizinga, J.H. 1938. The Waning of the Middle Ages. London. Kaeuper, R.W. 2009. Holy Warriors: The Religious Ideology of Chivalry Keen, M. 1984. Chivalry. Yale University Press. Keen, M. 1996. Nobles, Knights and Men-at-Arms in the Middle Ages. Bloomsbury. Lock, P. 2006. Routledge Companion to the Crusades. Routledge. Manion, L. The Loss of the Holy Land and Sir Isumbras: Literary Contributions to Fourteenth-Century Crusade Discourse in Speculum. Vol. 85, No. 1 (JANUARY 2010). 65-90. Powell, J.M. 1995. Rereading the Crusades: An Introduction in The International History Review, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Nov., 1995) Riley-Smith, J. 2009. What were the Crusades? Palgrave Macmillan. Saul, N. 2011. Chivalry and Crusading in For Honour and Fame: Chivalry in England 1066-1500. Bodley Head. [1] Keen, 2005. 44-45. [2] Powell, 1995. 667-668. [3] Keen, 1996. 2. [4] Riley-Smith, 2009. 23. [5] Keen, 1996. 2. [6] Saul, 2011. 230. [7] Constable, 2001. 11-12. [8] Constable, 2001. 11-12. [9] Riley-Smith, 2009. 27; Housley, 1992. 2-3. [10] Constable, 2001. 14. [11] Constable, 2001. 12. [12] Housley, 1992. 3. [13] Constable, 2001. 15. [14] Housley, 1992. 402. [15] Guard, 2013. 15. [16] Saul, 2011. 230. [17] Hazard, 1975. 5. [18] Manion, 2010. 65-66. [19] Housley, 1999. 262-264. [20] Housley, 1999. 261. [21] Housley, 1999. 261. [22] Housley, 1999. 261. [23] Housley, 1999. 261. [24] Huizinga, 1938. 87. [25] Housley, 1999. 266. [26] Saul, 2011. 230. [27] Huizinga, 1938. 65. [28] Gaultier, 1891. 26. [29] Keen, 1996. 3. [30] Housley, 1992. 401. [31] Housley, 1999. 261. [32] Guard, 2013. 145. [33] Guard, 2013. 157-158. [34] Kaeuper, 1999. 73. [35] Kaeuper, 1999. 73. [36] Guard, 2013. 154. [37] Guard, 2013. 173. [38] Guard, 2013. 126. [39] Guard, 2013. 208. [40] Housley, 1992. 402. [41] Hazard, 1975. 25; 647. [42] Housley, 1999. 275-276. [43] Guard, 2013. 213. [44] Housley, 1992. 78 [45] Guard, 2013. 213. [46] Guard, 2013. 214. [47] Manion, 2010. 65-66. [48] Housley, 1999. 266. [49] Saul, 2011. 230. [50] Housley, 1999. 266.

The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner :: essays research papers

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, the author uses the story of a sailor and his adventures to reveal aspects of life. This tale follows the Mariner and his crew as they travel between the equator and the south pole, and then back to England. The author's use of symbolism lends the work to adults as a complex web of representation, rather than a children's book about a sailor.First, in the poem, the ship symbolizes the body of man. The ship experiences trials and tribulations just as a real person does. Its carrying the Mariner (symbolizing the individual soul) and crew shows that Coleridge saw the body as a mere vessel of the soul. This symbol of a boat is an especially powerful one, because one steers a ship to an extent, yet its fate lies in the hands of the winds and currents.Secondly, the albatross symbolizes Christ. Just as the Mariner senselessly slays the bird, man crucifies Christ whose perfection is unchallenged. Even though Christ represent s mankind's one chance at achieving Heaven, man continues to persecute Him. The albatross symbolizes the sailors' one chance at deliverance from icy death and the Mariner shoots him.Thirdly, the South Pole symbolizes Hell. No visible wind blows the unfortunate crew toward the South Pole. Rather, an unseen force pulls them there. Such is the case when the world's temptations lure one to Hell. Just as the sailors approach far to close to this icy purgatory, their Redeemer, the albatross, or at least his spirit, leads them safely back in the right direction.Fourthly, in the poem England symbolizes Heaven. When the Mariner first sees his country, a great sense of hope and joy overcome him. At the point when the Mariner is about to enter Heaven, the body, symbolized by the ship, must die.

Fascist Ideology- Norsefire and the Nazi Party Essay

Question One. What were the ideologies of the Nazi Party and the Norsefire Party portrayed in V for Vendetta? Nazi ideology or Nazism was the ideology developed by Adolf Hitler and other prominent Nazis in Germany. There were many existing ideologies that influenced Nazism such as Fascism and Nationalism, however Nazism was a unique ideology in many ways. It combined many ideas, values and morals that were key to Hitler’s vision of Germany, such as Lebensraum, the Fuhrer and Autarky. These core elements of the Nazi regime show Authoritarianism, Nationalism, Militarism and Expansionism (Llewellyn, 2014). The idea of having the Fuhrer, which was the title given to Hitler, showed the idea of an all powerful leader and strong government. This was key to Nazism and the Fuhrer was given all political power. Democracy was also eliminated from Nazi Germany, with all other political parties being disbanded. The Nazis had all the authority in Germany with the creation of specialised police groups suc h as the Gestapo, who also had a lot of power. Lebensraum and Autarky showed the intense Nationalism and Expansionism of the Nazi party. Combined, the policies show the Nazi beliefs that all Germans should have living space by expanding into non German countries and that Germany should be completely self sufficient. These policies also highlight the extreme Racism which was a key element in Nazism. The idea that Aryans were the master race and minorities were subhuman and were sent to concentration camps. Nazism however was most known for its Totalitarianism which allowed the Nazis to control all aspects of German society. The ideology of the Norsefire Party is similar to Nazism in many ways with similar ideas and values being present in both parties. The leader of the Norsefire Party, Adam Susan, is referred to as Leader, similar to Hitler’s use of Fuhrer. The Norsefire Party’s main policies were complete control of the media, extensive personal surveillance and elimination of minorities. Traditional values, Authoritarianism and Nationalism are a huge part of the Norsefire Parties ideology and are shown in these policies. The Norsefire party run several departments; the Finger which is the secret police, the Nose which is the regular police force, the Eye which is the  surveillance department, the Mouth which is in charge of propaganda and the Head which is the Leaders headquarters and controls the whole ‘body’. The Norsefire party used each department to achieve total control of the British people. Traditional values are also very important to the Norsefire party. Concentration camps were established and anyone who wasn’t white, hetrosexual and Christian was prosecuted. This showed the desire for a ‘traditional’ England, and also made it easier to control the population. Like the Nazi party, Norsefire displayed extreme Totalitarianism, which gave them a lot of power over the British people. Question Two. What were the pressures from which these ideologies emerged? There were a lot of pressures in Germany at the time of the rise of the Nazi party that contributed to their success. It is likely that they also influenced Nazism and the reason behind Hitler’s vision of Germany. In V for Vendetta the pressures were similar to that of Germany at the time, and the pressures also contributed to the ideology. After WW1 Germany was in disarray. The Weimar republic had just written a constitution and had a vision to make Germany a democratic republic. In fact it was the most democratic political system of its time. However the system wasn’t suitable for the problems it had to deal with. From the Treaty of Versailles to the struggle between Spartacists (local communists) and Freikorps (nationalist ex soldiers), there were endless challenges for the government (Llewellyn, 2014). With the new political system in place the government found it hard to respond quickly to the nations pro blems. Further more the Reichstag became filled with small political parties and instead of the decisive leadership that the public craved Germany had fifteen different chancellor’s, all with different political views. Money was also a huge problem in Germany at the time with the Great Depression of 1929. These political and social problems gave the Nazi party all the power they needed to take over the vulnerable Germany. With their promises of a united and strong Germany, the Nazis were exactly what the German people thought they needed. In V for Vendetta, the world is in chaos. A worldwide nuclear war narrowly avoided Britain, however it had huge impacts on the environment and Britain’s relationships with other countries. British land became infertile and as a result the economy  plummeted. This resulted in severe riots and the government collapsed leaving the nation in mass chaos. These problems with Britain and the world gave the Norsefire party a perfect opportunity to rise up and take control of Britain. Their ultra right wing policies seemed inviting to people who were sick of chaos and economic instability. In a way the pressures surrounding these parties let them strengthen their ideologies and make their policies more forceful. This was because the public supported them and wanted more stability in their lives. Of course many people did not know the extent of the parties ideologies, which gave the parties another advantage over the public. By having the peoples vote but not their awareness, the Norsefire and Nazi party had the freedom to take control and cement their power. Question Three. How does the following quote from V for Vendetta reflect the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany? â€Å"We’ve had a string of embezzlers, frauds, liars and lunatics making a string of catastrophic decisions. This is plain fact. But who elected them? It was you! You who appointed these people! You who gave them the power to make your decisions for you†¦. You have encouraged these malicious incompetents, who have made your working life a shambles. You have without question accepted their senseless orders†¦. You could have stopped them. All you had to say was no.† (Moore, 2005 pg116-117) I believe that this quote is highly relevant to the rise of the Nazi party because at no point was there any nation wide opposition to the Nazis and their regime, even after massacres and other cases of violence towards members of the public. If there had of been nationwide opposition to the Nazis once the public had evidence of the true intentions of the Nazi Party, the world would be a completely different place. Once the Nazis were elected into government they started committing acts of extreme violence and murder. One of the notable massacres was Kristallnacht which took place on November 9 and 10 in 1938. Organised by the Nazis, over 91 Jewish people were murdered and 30,000 were incarcerated (United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 2013). German authorities watched on doing nothing while countless Jewish shops, houses and synagogues were destroyed by Nazis and members of  the public. Most members of the German public expressed disapproval against the severity of Kristallnacht however no protests or further action took place. Even after the nation was given a reason to express their unhappiness no movements were made. It was almost as if it was ignored. This outbreak of hate fueled violence by the government showed their true nature and foreshadowed exactly how far they would go. This quote from V for Vendetta explores the idea that the power government has can be taken away by just saying no. Also that people must think for themselves and not let a government make bad or unfair decisions on their behalf. There have been countless cases of nations overthrowing bad governments throughout history such as the French Revolution, that show how possible it is. If the German people had united as one against the appalling violence and discrimination, I believe that they could have overthrown the Nazi government, as signalled in the quote. By saying that a people have the power to remove a bad government, this quote also makes those people responsible for not acting. So that the blame for a bad government must ultimately sit with the people who did nothing to stop the wrongs committed in their name. Bibliography: Moore, Alan, and David Lloyd. â€Å"Chapter 4 A Vocational Viewpoint.† V for Vendetta. New York: Vertigo/DC Comics, 2005. 116-17. Print. Llewellyn, Jennifer. â€Å"Nazi Ideology.† Alpha History: Nazi Germany. Alpha History, n.d. Web. 05 May 2014. Llewellyn, Jennifer. â€Å"Weimar Germany – Alpha History.† Weimar Germany. Alpha History, n.d. Web. 07 May 2014. â€Å"Nazi Beliefs.† GCSE Bitesize. BBC, n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. â€Å"Norsefire.† Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 05 July 2013. Web. 08 May 2014. â€Å"Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 9–10, 1938.† United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 08 May 2014.

Industrial Conflicts: a Comparison Between Britain and France

Industrial Conflicts: A Comparison between Britain and France Outline of proposed paper I would like to conduct a comparison in the Industrial Conflicts between Britain and France. In this period of financial crisis where companies are taking action on both sides of the English Channel to stay competitive, it would be interesting to analyze the industrial conflicts of these countries as trade unions and workers are sometimes protesting to save their jobs occasionally with extreme violence.I would also like to know more about the Industrial Conflicts in Britain as this is something unfamiliar for me compared to the situation in France where trade unionism and militancy is present early in our lives with students commonly on strike and usually commences from High School. Identification and justification of relevant theoryBefore focusing on industrial conflicts, I thought that it would be interesting to first understand the industrial relations with the theory of Richard Whitley (1992) and the concept of Business Systems to highlight that there are major differences between these two countries in the way of organizing and managing economic activities and structuring their industrial relations.Concerning the Industrial Conflicts, Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003)who analyses the French and British employment relations using legal, sociological and historical approaches and also the neo-liberal, regulation, social movement and the societal effect theories to understand the employment relations and their industrials conflict will be my main focus. My additional focus will be on Michael Jackson and his analysis on strike trends, specifically in Anglo-Saxon countries. He thoroughly examines explanations for strikes drawing on research findings and comments from a broad range of disciplines from various authors and theories.Identification of empirical evidence The TUC (Trades Union Congress) library will be extremely helpful in finding out information about British trade unio n in general and industrial conflicts and militancy more particularly. Richard Clutterbuck (1984) gives us data about strike details in Britain between 1971 and 1980. Micael P. Jackson (1987) also provides data about duration and the average number of workers involved in strikes in the U. K. between 1915 and 1985. Jeff Bridgford developed data about French trade union membership and their belonging to the â€Å"Parti Socialiste† between 1970 and 1979.Preliminary evaluation of alternative arguments and evidence Concerning the industrial relations, Richard Whitley (1992, 2000) seems to belong to the divergent school which means that business systems of countries and their industrial relations are influenced by institutions, history, values or beliefs. However, other authors such as Ohmae (1996) argues the end of the nation-state and the rise of regional economies where economic decisions are now taken at the level of economic region which are often cross national boundaries and economically independent of the nation-states where they reside.Critical self-assessment of progress to date From week three to Five, I looked at literature about Militancy but nothing came out. After a refocus on the topic on industrial conflict, my task until week seven was to read about industrial relations thinking that I will identify the reason of the industrial conflicts but I did not find a clear answer. My regret is to have not read earlier about Steve Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) who gives much more insight into industrial conflicts. Plan for completion based on progress self-evaluationThe schedule concerning my research would be to finish investigating the studies of Jefferys (2001, 2003) and Jackson (1987) and read more about Poole (1986) before the end of December to clearly identify the issues of industrial conflicts. From the 8th December, I also would like to visit the TUC Library to find more data and literature about industrial conflicts. By the end of the First week of January, I hope to have completed the report in order to come back to it with a fresh mind and arrange it without the pressure of deadline.References List Bridgford, J. , (1991), The Politics of French Trade Union. Leicester: Leicester University Press Clutterbuck, R. (1984), Industrial Conflict and Democracy: The Last Chance. London: The MacMillian Press LTD Jackson, M. (1987), Strikes: Industrial Conflict in Britain, U. S. A. and Australia. Sussex: Wheatsheaf Books LTD Jefferys, S. , & al, (2001), European Working lives: Continuities and Change in Management and Industrial Relations in France, Scandinavia and the U. K. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited Jefferys, S. (2003), Liberte, Egalite and Fraternite at Work: Changing French Employment Relations and Management. London: Palgrave Ohmae, K. (1996), The End of Nation State. London: Harper Collins Whitley R. , (1992), European Business Systems: Firms and Markets in their National Contexts. London: Manse l Whitley, R. , (2000), Divergent Capitalisms: The Social Structuring and Change of Business Systems. Oxford: Oxford University Press Bibliography Hall, P. & Soskice, D. (2001), Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations Comparative Advantage.Oxford: Oxford University Press Kornhauser, A. , (1954), Industrial Conflict. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company Perkins, S. & Shortland, S. , (2006), Stategic International Human Resource Management: Choices and Consequences in Multinational People Management. London: Kogan Page Poole, M. (1986), Industrial Relations: Origins and Patterns of National Diversity. London: Routledge and Kegan-Paul Rubery, J. & Grimshaw, D. , (2003), The Organization of Employment: An International Perspective. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillian http://www. unionhistory. info

Counseling And Psycotherapy Essays - Clinical Psychology, Health

Counseling And Psycotherapy Essays - Clinical Psychology, Health Counseling And Psycotherapy Differences Between Counseling and Psychotherapy Counseling Theories August 3, 1995 Running head: Coun. v. Psychotherapy Counseling v. psychotherapy is there a difference between the two? This paper will attempt to prove that there are several differences between counseling and psychotherapy. While counseling and psychotherapy have several different elements in each, the following information will also attempt to show the reader that there are some areas where the two overlap. At times this was a confusing topic to research. A fine line distinguishes the two topics and one must look hard to see this line. Definition of Counseling One survey taken by Gustad suggests a definition of counseling where he included three key elements. Counseling is a learning-oriented process, carried on in a simple, one to one social environment, in which a counselor, professionally competent in relevant psychological skills and knowledge, seeks to assist the client by methods appropriate to the latter's needs and within the context of the total personn el program, to learn more about himself, to learn how to put such understanding into effect in relation to more clearly perceived, realistically defined goals to the ' end that the client may become a happier and more productive member of his society (1957, p. 36). In lay terms counseling can be described as a face to face relationship, having goals to help a client to learn or acquire new skills which will enable them to cope and adjust to life situations. The focus is to help a person reach maximum fulfillment or potential, and to become fully functioning as a person. Definition of Psychotherapy Psychotherapy is the process inwhich a therapists assists the client in re-organizing his or her personality. The therapist also helps the client integrate insights into everyday behavior. Psychotherapy can be defined as more inclusive re-education of the individual (Brammer

Editoral Comparison essays

Editoral Comparison essays In early last year when grade 13 was omitted from the curriculum a literacy test was implemented for grade 10 students to evaluate their ability to read and write. This literacy test has been the most controversial issue to hit the education board since the lack of funding for extra curricular activities. This issue has brought hard aches to students, parents, and even teachers. Students are thrown in to making the decision of what they are planning on doing with the rest of their lives before they even have the chance to grow up and experience what real education is like. Within their first year of secondary education children have to make the drastic decision of deciding whether university is for them, or should they just jump into the working force. Yet a drastic problem has arisen. So many students who written the literacy test have failed, leaving them without a chance of obtaining a high school diploma. The Toronto Star brought about a clear point retaining to the failure o f this test, how can someone who fails this test and doesnt obtain a diploma possibly go out there and get a job? Ontarios education minister Elizabeth Witmer has brought up the discussion of possibly implementing a secondary diploma for students who do not successfully pass the literacy test. While the Toronto Star completely mocks the idea, the National Post looks at this and adds possible ways to strengthen it. The main question that has arose since the results of this test are what should we do with the so many children who have not completed the test successfully? The question that has arisen so many controversial issues was easily identified with the vast amount of failing students. The National Post came up with these vital statistics 56% of Grade 10 students who do not plan to attend college or university failed the reading or writing or both portions of last Februarys literacy test. (National Post para. 3) Wh...

Drama vs. Melodrama

Drama vs. Melodrama Drama vs. Melodrama Drama vs. Melodrama By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, What is the difference between â€Å"dramatic† and â€Å"melodramatic† in common usage, such as â€Å"Don’t be so dramatic† or â€Å"Don’t be so melodramatic†? In common usage, both words are used interchangeably to mean something like â€Å"don’t make such a fuss.† A similar negative use of the noun drama is seen in the expression â€Å"without the drama.† For example: With Cars.com, you get what you need without the drama. Michael Corleone might not have been able to leave the family, but luckily your friends at Foxtel let you leave without the drama. The tagline â€Å"disinfects without the drama† differentiates Betadine from other brands. Thanks to advertising, â€Å"without the drama† has leaked into general usage as shorthand for â€Å"without difficulty,† â€Å"without complication,† â€Å"without upset,† â€Å"without injured feelings,† â€Å"without tantrums,† etc. Here are examples from various non-advertising contexts: Sort out school fees without the drama 5 Picks to Keep Your Kids Active Without the Drama Merging the Stepfamilies Without the Drama Ever wondered what software development could be like without the drama? The expression â€Å"drama queen† has become popular to describe a self-centered person- man or woman- who makes an issue of trivial matters of comfort and personal indulgence. The conventional meaning of the word drama is â€Å"a composition in prose or verse, adapted to be acted upon a stage, in which a story is related by means of dialogue and action, and is represented with accompanying gesture, costume, and scenery, as in real life. A melodrama is a drama characterized by exaggeration and sensationalism. The acting style appropriate to a drama is realistic, whereas the acting in a melodrama is bombastic or excessively sentimental. Movies known as â€Å"tears are Sophie’s Choice, Kramer vs Kramer, Love Story, Dead Poets Society, Steel Magnolias, and Ghost. Movies with super heroes and super villains, like the Batman films, are also melodramas. The words melodrama and melodramatic are more precise choices than drama and dramatic to describe an excessive display of emotion. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business LetterThe Many Forms of the Verb TO BE50 Tips on How to Write Good

Singapore Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Singapore - Essay Example Singapore's main territory is a diamond-shaped island, although her territory includes surrounding smaller islands. Of Singapore's dozens of smaller islands, Jurong Island, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin and Sentosa are the larger ones. Most of Singapore is no more than 15 meters above sea level. The highest point of Singapore is Bukit Timah, with a height of 164 m or 538 feet and made up of igneous rock, granite. Hills and valleys of sedimentary rock dominate the northwest, while the eastern region consists of sandy and flatter land (Geography and climate). Singapore does not have any natural lakes or rivers, however, reservoirs and water catchments areas were constructed to collect fresh water for Singapore's water supply. Singapore has reclaimed land with earth obtained from its own hills, the seabed, and neighboring countries. As a result, Singapore's land area has grown from 581.5 km in the 1960s to 697.1 km today, and may grow by another 100 km by 2030 (Geography and climate). Singapore has no noteworthy natural resources other than its deep-water harbor. Less than 5% of Singapore's land is used for agriculture; tropical fruits and vegetables are intensively cultivated and poultry and hogs are raised. There are no profitable natural resources in the country (Economy). Singapore was a trading center in the Srivijaya Empire before it was destroyed in the 14th cent. by the Majapahit empire. It later became part of Johore in the Malacca Sultanate. The thinly populated island was ceded (1819) to the British East India Company through the efforts of Sir T. Stamford Raffles; he founded the modern city of Singapore there that same year. In 1824, Singapore came under the complete control of the British and, although containing only a little fishing and trading village, quickly attracted Chinese and Malay merchants. The port grew quickly, soon overwhelming Penang and Malacca in importance. Then Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements in 1826 (The development of Singapore). Figure 2 Statue of Thomas Stamford Raffles by Thomas Woolner, erected at the spot where he first landed in Singapore (Singapore). The progress of Malaya under British rule in the late 19th and early 20th cent. made Singapore one of the most important ports of the world for the export of tin and rubber. The construction of a railroad through the Malay Peninsula to Bangkok swelled Singapore's trade, and the building of airports made it more than ever a communication center. A naval base at Sembawang, begun in 1924, was completed in 1938; the island, sometimes called the Malta of the East, was reinforced in the early days of World War II (The development of Singapore). After the speedy Japanese crusade in Malaya, however, Singapore was successfully attacked across the Johore Strait, and on Feb. 15, 1942, the British garrison surrendered; Singapore was reoccupied by the British in Sept. 1945. In 1946, Singapore, no longer a part of the Straits Settlements, was constituted a crown colony, with Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Following a decade of Communist terrorism, Singapore, separated from Chri stmas Island

Reflective Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective Journal - Assignment Example I got inspired by the elaboration on this charter that was a binding instrument, and its purpose was to encourage co-operation centred on solidarity and reciprocity for good use of the Niger River hydrographical area. An inter alia was established to assist states in technical matters (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) Correct waste disposal methods is a concept I gained interest and must be initiated to avoid disposal of solid waste in water bodies, which can affect the marine flora and fauna. Sewerages must be constructed to ensure waste is directed to the right path and avoid contamination of water bodies (Wu, McKay and Hemphill, 2010). The right to prevent intrusion to an economic exclusive zone. This is an area beyond and the area adjoining to a territorial sea governed by a state. I am interested in the fact that due to this exploration of the sea resources and its utilization, conservation and management of flora and fauna, organic and inorganic resources in and around the area is rightfully owned by the state. The evidence required is whether the vessel has entered beyond the 200 nautical miles from the baseline is rather confusing to me. (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) Â  Construction worker and the corporation will never mind the consequences so long as they earn their cash. I was inspired by the fact that the Forests are water catchment areas, and forests do help in purifying the atmosphere. As REDD+ Programme spokesperson, a feasibility study should be done to identify a most efficient area then preparation is done the finally full implementation. Ensuring that measures to correct biodiversity are put in place before forest clearance is an interesting idea. Â  Forests are very important; it is a home to animals, plants and is the water catchment area thus must be protected. (Elmualim, Valle and Kwawu, 2012) The forest is important, they act as catchment areas for fresh water, and they reduce emission of carbon

The European Intermodal Transport Operations Term Paper

The European Intermodal Transport Operations - Term Paper Example There are different types of shipping operations that include longterm charters, spot charters operations, and liner operations. Long term charters operations require that the shipowner knows the type of cargo to handle as well as the port that should be used for that purpose. Spot charter is an operation where an owner of a ship has a general idea of where the ship should be situated but does not have any knowledge about the type of goods to be used for the port. Liner operation states that the owner of a ship should have knowledge of the port or volumes of cargo to be used but the venue of the operation may change from one period to another. The shipping companies may approach the business by taking into account several issues such as the purchasing of vessels that are highly flexible, those that serve several markets and reduce the rate of risk from occurring. In addition, this may prompt an owner of a ship to use expensive open hold bulk carrier that handles containers as well as dry bulk cargo. Other ship owners may prefer to use ships that are designed for specific purposes, therefore more efficient and incur less operating cost during their operations. This system is used to create opportunities for its customers by availing the products to the market at the appropriate time and place. It is an information technology tool that is used for ensuring that there is efficient management and management of intermodal door to door transport operations using scientific tools such as logistic and communication systems appropriate for the organization. It was established so that it could help in the reduction of congestion as it was witnessed in the road network. The businessmen in the shipping industry opted to have the following factors into place so as to carry out their activities profitably.The factors include higher reliability, lower prices, more flexibility and quality service levels for the customers.

Colonial america Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Colonial america - Essay Example 17th century but in 1664, the first legislation for slaves was passed by Maryland that said, all â€Å"Negroes or other slaves hereafter imported into the province shall serve for life, as should their children. It also stated that any white woman who forgot her status and married a slave would have to serve the master of her husband. All children born into such a union would be slaves as well (Middleton, pg. 324). Around 1680, there was an increase in the purchase of slaves since there were fewer whites to do the jobs. Another reason for the increase was the abolition of the Royal African Company monopoly of trade. Therefore slaves were used to grow crops and vegetables, to maintain livestock and also used as craft and industrial workers. The Quakers were the first group to take up the issue on slavery and its codes. The existing slave codes in the colonies deprived the slaves of their basic human rights while providing the opportunity to slaveholders to exercise ruthless and merciless control over their slaves. Another revolutionary leader, James Otis, called this as â€Å"the most shocking violation of the law of nature.† He too fought against slavery and in 1807 the Federal government put an end to the trading of slaves from Africa. Right through history, the people who held power tended to side track or marginalize the people who do not have any power. In the same way, they never failed to make use of the resources as well as the technologies of the people they dominate, but yet they have neglected to give due credit to them or even acknowledge them. This is mutual where Europeans and Indians are concerned. Before slavery was abolished, agriculture was the predominant occupation during the colonial period. Blacks as well as American Indian slaves were utilized to grow crops such as flax, apples and onions. They were also used in the production of dairy products, fish and whale oil which were very important commercial products and hence trade and commerce

Contemporary Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Management Principles - Essay Example The contemporary manager must devise ways of incorporation of information communications technology, handle diversity, put up with frequent conflicting claims from stakeholders, and abide by charters that correspond with the business functions. The list of organisational challenges has become nearly incessant. As such, the process of management consists of controlling and directing a team of one or additional entities or people for the reason of harmonizing and coordinating that team towards achievement of a goal. Therefore, management frequently covers the manipulation and deployment of financial resources, human resources, natural resources, and technological resources. Various theories of management have been employed from earlier times. However, as the business world keeps changing, different concepts are continually applied in the contemporary era (Saxena, 2009, 1). In this context, one case study will be discussed with regard to the contemporary management principles. Different features of the principles will be applied to comprehend the drivers behind the occurrences in the case scenario. This essay aims to comprehend the main drivers of contemporary management principles when applied by different organizations. Task 1: Understanding and application of principles The Main Drivers for the Merger of AOL and Time Warner with regard to Contemporary Management Principles The case regards the leading merger ever to occur in the United States history with 2 completely distinctive organizations, Time Warner and American Online. The two organisations merged to create a $97 billion international information technology and entertainment media giant, AOL-Time Warner. Providing cable and internet service to 126 million consumers, a colossal management challenge is experienced by the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the organisation, Bob Pittman (Verma No Year, p. 4). The Time Warner and AOL merger ties the bind to the old economy infrastructure with the candidness an d content of the novel-fangled economy. The AOL-Time Warner merger, which required nearly 12 months to be acknowledged through the FCC, triggered a flurry of online-offline mergers. Simply below three years later, investors of Time Warner, investments in the merged organisations were only worth $36 billion, incurring a $50 billion loss. The novel AOL-Time Warner anticipated to apply its numerous divisions to enhance group products, although ran into obstacles when in 2001, advertising income fell. Amid lawsuits from the organisation’s shareholders claiming that there was overstatement of the AOL’s value prior to the sale, Mr. Steven Case resigned as the organisation’s chairman in 2003. Under Richard Parsons, the named chief executive, Time Warner had to experience an obstacle from a notorious â€Å"corporate raider† Carl Icahn, who was not content with the organisation’s approach in early 2006. The company was expected to be made smaller by Jeff Be wkes, who was to succeed Mr. Richard Parsons in 2008. The management running these two organisations have still been incapable of obtaining the synergy benefits, which actually were the key drivers behind the activities of the merger. Underachievement of the organisatio

Lifespan Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lifespan Development - Essay Example Leonie Sugarman (1986) adopts the term life-span development as she tackles life-span development psychology, contributing to the field of the life-span process. Prior to the onset of the fields of social sciences, particularly psychology and sociology, understanding the development of the life course was not a popular undertaking. Now that lifespan theorists have explained systematically that a person goes through an organized process of lifespan development, studies began emphasizing its importance. Perhaps, this importance is geared towards understanding the process of change and development that occur within the course of life, alongside understanding the whys and hows of this development. A common problem with the social sciences is the idea that since they deal with aspects of human life, they tackle what is supposed to be the obvious and the already known, and their tasks are simply an elaboration of these. They use different ways on how to present the stages of growth and decline, which is but a mere rehash of the obvious facts of life. This assertion may sound true, but upon studying the lifespan development concept, it will link us to the greater truth that alters our perception of the life course. The central thinking to this assertion is that through the lifespan studies, man's thinking is influenced by lifespan development, reflecting on his own life after looking at the lives of others and being knowledgeable of the processes that he or she goes through in his or her own life course. Lifespan development models were able to develop knowledge and ideas on different ages, gender, levels of ability, race, ethnic and cultural background. In understanding the imp act of human growth and development, it is necessary that one looks at his own life course development and appreciate the importance of the key events that shape him/her as a person. Critical Assessment of Life-Span Development Models A common problem in the social sciences is the idea that since they deal with aspects of human life they deal with what in a sense is 'already' known and that as a result they are simply the elaboration of the obvious. They may use fancy words and difficult concepts but basically, everyone knows that every individual is born, then develops in a variety of ways and then experiences a period of gradual but inevitable decline. There is some truth in this assertion but truth also in the opposite view that studying life span development does actually alter our perception of how humans and thus, our individual selves develop. The central argument then is that although it is difficult if not impossible to measure the precise extent to which our thinking may have been influenced by LSD studies it is not unreasonable to suggest that it has. In addition, it is suggested that the main way in which this influence works is by individuals reflecting on their own lives after looking at the lives o f others. Due to the onset of life-span development models, a significant importance is now given to the concept of self-esteem, needs, achievement, growth, change, development, and the like, which play a significant role in the life course. It must be noted however, that unlike Freudianism, whose emphasis is only on the issues of 'growth' period associated to childhood and

Contemporary Management Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary Management Principles - Essay Example The contemporary manager must devise ways of incorporation of information communications technology, handle diversity, put up with frequent conflicting claims from stakeholders, and abide by charters that correspond with the business functions. The list of organisational challenges has become nearly incessant. As such, the process of management consists of controlling and directing a team of one or additional entities or people for the reason of harmonizing and coordinating that team towards achievement of a goal. Therefore, management frequently covers the manipulation and deployment of financial resources, human resources, natural resources, and technological resources. Various theories of management have been employed from earlier times. However, as the business world keeps changing, different concepts are continually applied in the contemporary era (Saxena, 2009, 1). In this context, one case study will be discussed with regard to the contemporary management principles. Different features of the principles will be applied to comprehend the drivers behind the occurrences in the case scenario. This essay aims to comprehend the main drivers of contemporary management principles when applied by different organizations. Task 1: Understanding and application of principles The Main Drivers for the Merger of AOL and Time Warner with regard to Contemporary Management Principles The case regards the leading merger ever to occur in the United States history with 2 completely distinctive organizations, Time Warner and American Online. The two organisations merged to create a $97 billion international information technology and entertainment media giant, AOL-Time Warner. Providing cable and internet service to 126 million consumers, a colossal management challenge is experienced by the Chief Operating Officer (COO) of the organisation, Bob Pittman (Verma No Year, p. 4). The Time Warner and AOL merger ties the bind to the old economy infrastructure with the candidness an d content of the novel-fangled economy. The AOL-Time Warner merger, which required nearly 12 months to be acknowledged through the FCC, triggered a flurry of online-offline mergers. Simply below three years later, investors of Time Warner, investments in the merged organisations were only worth $36 billion, incurring a $50 billion loss. The novel AOL-Time Warner anticipated to apply its numerous divisions to enhance group products, although ran into obstacles when in 2001, advertising income fell. Amid lawsuits from the organisation’s shareholders claiming that there was overstatement of the AOL’s value prior to the sale, Mr. Steven Case resigned as the organisation’s chairman in 2003. Under Richard Parsons, the named chief executive, Time Warner had to experience an obstacle from a notorious â€Å"corporate raider† Carl Icahn, who was not content with the organisation’s approach in early 2006. The company was expected to be made smaller by Jeff Be wkes, who was to succeed Mr. Richard Parsons in 2008. The management running these two organisations have still been incapable of obtaining the synergy benefits, which actually were the key drivers behind the activities of the merger. Underachievement of the organisatio

The development of the drama Essay Example for Free

The development of the drama Essay Stimulus Whilst most of the stimulus was provided by the teacher, there was some pieces that were brought in by members of the group. Luke brought in a piece of music by The Streets entitled ‘The Irony of it All’. This stimulus provided the idea for the scene that compared weed and alcohol and later we used the lyrics as a ‘script’ for the scene. Research During the beginning stages of the production process, after we had first split into our smaller sub-groups we each went out and did individual research on the drug of our sub-group. For example, Alice Weaver researched LSD, and provided the group with an account of what it was like to experience an LSD trip – as well as the general effects of the drug. During the later stages of production the group researched quotes that could be used during the scenes to create almost verbatim parts to the play. Jack was responsible for finding some quotes to be used as his ‘Gerald McMillan’ character. These quotes were taken from the special ‘Question Time’ with David Davis and David Cameron. He also researched quotes from a previous interview with David Cameron. Script Writing We decided that some scenes should be scripted, in order to ensure that certain points were put across and important lines were said. This also was to increase the flow of the piece, and ensure that scenes did not ‘drag’. The scene writing responsibilities fell on different people, usually one of the people in the scene. For example I created the script for ‘Taylor Time’; Jack created the script for the pub scene and Katie created the script for ‘Saturday Night’. Whilst the ‘Saturday Night’ scene was lyrics from ‘The Irony of it All’, Katie was responsible for artistically placing the lyrics into a form that resembled a scripted dialogue, and deciding who had what lines from the song and, if necessary, adding lines. Alice created a script, with the input of those in the scene, consisting of a rhyming ‘poem’ to stylise the scene. This process involved a lot of group trust that the scriptwriter would cover all the aspects, which the group would like the scene to cover. These expectations were often met, however if there was problems the group was able to work together to edit the script to meet the requirements. Scene Creation During the rehearsals, we split into several groups, and each had a drug to create scenes for. Each pair was asked to create several scenes each lesson. Once these aims had been met we met together and allowed the others to give their input. For each story we attempted to create a ‘positive’, ‘negative’ and a ‘turning point’. This process involved all of us separately, sometimes due to the crossover in the use of actors in different scenes those that weren’t in the scene often helped create scenes for the other groups. For example Katie helped to create scenes for Jack and Saimon, involving a news reporter and a cocaine-addicted rock star. These scenes formed the basis of the scenes involving ‘Jane Doe’ and ‘Gerald McMillan’ that were created at a later date. Direction When we completed the scenes each lesson we came back together and performed our scenes to the rest of the group. The group was able to give directorial points of view as to what would make the scene more effective – or to suggest ideas for scenes that may be based on the scene created that may be better for the final production. During the later stages of production, when many rehearsals were done as a complete group, those not involved in the scenes could watch and suggest improvements. This again resulted in a lot of trust, as we had to rely on the directors to shape the scene in a way that would portray our message.

FORD MOTORS PHILOSOPHY vs TOYOTA MOTORS PHILOSOPHY

FORD MOTORS PHILOSOPHY vs TOYOTA MOTORS PHILOSOPHY Introduction A manufacturing/production system consists of a conversion system, which transforms inputs into output. The way conversion is done depends upon the nature of product/service and the nature of demand for such product/service. Thus the types of production are broadly classified into two categories, the continuous and the intermittent. The first category is appropriate where large scale production is required and the second is suitable where demand is non-uniform and seasonal and the product is not standardized. Ford Motors, as it is poised for mass producing standardized automobiles, naturally embraced the continuous production system. This essay attempts to compare and contrast the production philosophies and systems adopted by Ford Motors during 1930s and Toyota Motor Company during recent times. As Kanigal, Robert [1997] laid the basis for the concept of assembly line, Henry Ford, adopted the concept in1914 with due consideration to Adam Smiths philosophy of division of labour. He over simplified the tasks which led to specialization and business success (William A. Levinson, 2009). On the other hand, Toyota, which emerged as a different socio-industrial system, ironically had its roots in Henry Fords philosophy (James P.Womack, Daniel T.Jones, Daniel Roos, 2007) However, TMC digressed from the traditional Detroit philosophy based on the concept of lean manufacturing and thus carved a niche for itself and grew to such an extent that the American automobile industry shook. Henry Fords Contribution Earlier, cars were a specialized luxury, available only to the elite. Fords mass production scheme made the automobile accessible for the common man even, by virtue of Fords vision, a car for every man. This philosophy got extended to the whole range of consumer products and services which came into the reach of every common man. Henry Fords team nurtured innovation in all the 4 Ps (Product, Process, Position and Paradigm) to happen concurrently. The T-Model, which Ford and his team evolved formed the basis for emergence of an altogether completely new realm of thinking as regards manufacturing, which resulted in elimination of need for skilled labour (Joe Tidd, John Bessant, 2009). Though the basic elements existed earlier, Fords success lay in synthesizing them into a new form. The philosophy encompassed not only assembly operations, but supply chain and logistical aspects also. Features of Ford System of Manufacturing Standardization of products, components, equipment, process, tasks and tasks of control. Time and work study, to identify the optimum conditions for carrying out a particular operation and job analysis, to break up the task into small, highly controllable and reproducible steps. Specialization of functions and tasks within all areas of operation .there was considerable narrowing and re-utilization of individual tasks and an extension of division of labor. Uniform output rates and systematization of the entire manufacturing process. Payments and incentive schemes based on results. Elimination of worker discretion and passing of control to specialists. Concentration of control of work into the hands of management within a bureaucratic hierarchy with extensive reliance on rules and procedures. The Toyota production philosophy The system of production which, though had its roots in that of Ford Motors, has evolved as a distinctive one with unique features such as lean manufacturing, is known as Toyota Production System [TPS]. Sakichi Toyoda, his son, Kiichiro Toyoda and Taiichi are the founders of Toyota Motors. The founders and the engineer, Taiichi Ohno are the ones who appreciated and embraced the concept of Lean Manufacturing, founded on the original concept, being, JIT production (Sorensen, 1956). The founders of Toyota based heavily on the work of Edward Deming and the literature written by Henry Ford. Lean manufacturing (Simon, 1996) concept was even seen during the times of Benjamin Franklin. The business success and opulence of Detroit drove the Toyota team to be inquisitive about witnessing the assembly line and mass production. When the Toyotan delegation visited the US, they were not impressed. The Toyotan philosophy (Shigeo, 1996) aims at rationalizing the design of the manufacturing process and so it envisages elimination of three elements, being overburden [muri], inconsistency [mura] and waste [muda]. This entails that the process is flexible enough to be free from stress as it is supposed to generate waste. The Toyota system identified seven types of wastes, popularly called the Seven Wastes. They are over-production, motion (of operator or machine), waiting (of operator or machine), conveyance, processing itself, inventory (raw material), and correction (rework and scrap) Of the three lapses, i.e. overburden, inconsistency and waste, the latter, muda, seems to dominate the thinking of man as they see the fruitful effects of TPS. Origin of the concept of TPS It is known that Toyota Motor Company has got its inspiration not from the Detroit Philosophy, but rather from their observations made on their visit to the US in 1950s. The Toyota delegation first visited the automotive plants of Ford Motor Company located in Michigan. But they convicted that many methods adopted by the industry leaders were not satisfactory or effective. Some of the lapses they identified were: large amounts of inventory on site, the way the work was performed in various departments uneven pattern, i.e., with intervention of waiting between one operation and another operation resulting in islands of idleness, re-work in huge quantities at the end of the process. Later, the Toyotan delegation visited Piggly-Wiggly, the supermarket and observed how inventory management was carried out. The supermarket maintained scanty amounts of stock sufficient to cater to the customers and its employees for a short duration, stocks were reordered and instantly replenished. This indicated an important dimension, i.e., eliminating the need to maintain huge stocks and it was all done just-in-time. Taking cue from this philosophy, many US businesses made a direct attack on high inventory levels but ended in fiasco. This was because the American businesses did not understand the underlying issues. A principle of maintaining low levels of inventory also implies that proper alignment should be made with the vendors such that they were in a position to supply materials and components just-in-time. A complete delineation with the entire supply chain is necessary. This important aspect was ignored by the American automobile industry. It cannot be achieved overnight. Toyotans admitted that it took 20 years for them to implement JIT programme. Tenets of Toyotan Philosophy CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT Challenge: Work without challenge makes people indolent and lackadaisical and nonchalant. Kaizen: Capabilities, skills, efficiency and the like are not constant. They keep improving over time. Hence benchmarks need to be revised constantly. Innovativeness is a natural propensity. Genchi Genbutsu: Try to find the root cause before making correction of the apparent defects. RESPECT FOR PEOPLE Respect: Others must be respected. There should be mutual understanding and a readiness to accept responsibility to build mutual trust. Team work: Working together to achieve organizational and individual objectives through commitment. LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE Short-term goals are mere derivatives of the long-term ones and the former are dependent on the latter and hence, priority shall be given to pursue/revise long-term goals. THE RIGHT PROCESS PRODUCES THE RIGHT RESULTS Creation of a continuous process flow facilitates inherent problems to be apparent at surface. Lacunae, if any, will come to surface; unevenness in loading of work stations will be indicated. Adopting pull system of production prevents overproduction. Under pull system of production, production scheduling is not done for large scale manufacturing. Master production schedule is made based on the current orders on hand. Once these orders are processed, the production process is stalled and rescheduled upon receiving new orders. Thus, products are pulled out of the system by customers. As long as production goes, care should be taken to avoid unevenness of flow of the process. This requires every material, tool, equipment and labour to be readily available at the respective work station to avoid interruption. Defect to be nipped in the bud. This means that if the job on the assembly line or at a work center is found to be defective, the same cannot be passed to the next work station/center without being rectified of the defect. This gives two-fold advantage; first, all the output that comes out will be defect free and secondly, there is no need to invest on a quality assurance system. Line stopping Where, on an assembly line, if any defect is noticed by the operator[s], he is given discretion to stop the assembly line by means of a switch and hold it till the defect is rectified. Continuous improvement is based on standardization of operations/tasks and employee empowerment. Standardization of operations facilitates fixing benchmarks for employees and thereby provides for comparison of performance against benchmarks. Once they are met by the employees, the benchmarks will be revised. This way, performance and efficiency keep increasing year by year, leading to ever increasing performance and productivity. Visual control system: This system alarms the workers of any lapse or defect that my arise during the production process. When the system identifies a defect, it alarms the workers through visual devices. Using fool-proofed technology: The Toyotan philosophy calls for using equipment of proven technology to ensure a steady and uninterrupted flow of the process as well as to get the output of the desired quality. DEVELOPING PEOPLE AND PARTNERS ADDS VALUE TO THE ORGANIZATION Leaders should be developed from among the employees who relish the philosophy, understand it thoroughly and are willing to share it with others. Exceptional personnel and teams who imbibe and nurture the aspirations of the company should be developed. Network partners and suppliers by sharing expertise should be honored and challenging assignments should be given to help them improve. A SUSTAINED EFFORT TO RESOLVING ROOT PROBLEMS DRIVES ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING A personal involvement in a situation provides a thorough understanding of an issue. Decision making shall be done coolly through consensus, taking into consideration all possible options. Implementation shall be done quickly. This is based on the belief that collective wisdom is always superior to the individuals. Creating an environment in the organization so, that every employee indulges in learning things and improves performance on a sustained basis. This makes the whole organization, a learning organization. How Toyota Is Comparable To And Discernible From Ford Production Philosophy Toyota Relies on piece-meal style of production, i.e., produces only when there is pull from the customer Ford Whereas Ford manufactured in large scale to create stock based on estimated demand Nature of work Toyota Designed the work so, that workers had to be multi- skilled to perform complex tasks. Ford Over simplified complex operations such that workers needed low level skills Standardization Toyota Though was influenced by the writings of Edwards Deming and Henry Ford, was embarrassed on eye-witnessing the assembly lines of Ford Motors facilities in Michigan. Ford Could demonstrate business success through the policy of standardization of products, components, equipment, process and control. Pace of output Toyota production system was continual and produced in small quantities as each customer merited. No pile up of finished goods. Ford Held the policy of turning over at uniform pace to create huge pile up of stocks. Set up time cost Toyota Fundamentally designed for continual flow meriting frequent changeovers and set ups, but this could be offset by the extra costs of blocking capital in the form of huge pile up of stocks, characteristic of Ford Motors. Ford As the scheduling is done for continuous run, changeovers are less frequent and so, low set up time and cost. Workers discretion Toyota Allowed certain amount of discretion to workers on the assembly line such as empowering them to inspect the job for defects and to stall the flow on the assembly line to rectify the defect then and there and then let it go to the next work station to ensure zero defect situation and to eliminate the need of rework division. Ford Eliminated the scope for workers discretion to be used at the work place since each worker on the assembly line had to perform only a single task and the next task had to be done by the next worker. Workers had no authority to stop the flow of work as such, an incidence of defect is allowed to pass till the end of the process and the defective item is sent to rework division. Process design Toyota Focused on three criteria while designing its production system, i.e., overburden, inconsistency, and waste. These words are simple, but have far reaching effects. The last criterion is pivotal for the success of the company. The seven wastes concept indicates a treat amount of insight of the Toyotans and it is unique of Toyota. But, ironically, Toyotan inspiration is rooted in the writings of Edward Deming, who happens to be the American. The fun lies in the fact that American automobile industry did not pay heed to Demings philosophy, but non-Americans exhibited faith in it. Ford Bureaucratized as far as administration/control is concerned. All employees have to observe scalar chain and abide by the rules and procedures Long-term perspective in planning Toyota Ford Both companies look into far future. Developing people Toyota Promotes development of exceptional individuals and teams. Ford Does not focus on developing experts as it has over simplified the tasks, rather, workers might gain efficiency as they do the single task repeatedly. Pay and incentives Toyota Provides ample scope for personnel to grow as it nurtures innovation, employee participation and so on. Ford The policy is to pay and provide incentives based on results. Problem solving Toyota Employees are nurtured in such a culture that they address a problem through the root cause instead of taking a perfunctory look. Ford Employees are not trained along making deeper efforts in addressing problems. They used to leave the problem at perfunctory levels. Summary The world has witnessed a constant transformation as regards the automobile production/operations philosophy. The Fords mass production (produce to stock) philosophy received ample appreciation and was convicted to be the right path by most other manufacturers (1914). This has been evidenced by the way the Big Three, (Ford Motors, General Motors and Chrysler) flourished during early and mid 20th century. But the onset of Toyota production system, which is based on the philosophy of lean manufacturing, started sending tremors into the well complacent American automobile industrys regime. The principle of Toyota Motor Company (TMC) to eliminate wastes and subsequent TMCs success attracted other manufacturers who tried to copy, but in vain. They could not imitate the whole TMCs philosophy as it is.

Essay --

Mickey Gral Mrs. Bonesho Comparative Cultures 12 December 2013 Islamic Terrorism: Motives and Rational Responses The Middle East is a location rooted in the traditions of many religions, including Islam. Not restricted to Jihadism, Muslims believe that there is one true God and their goal is the promotion of the religion and its ideals. Islamic terrorists seek to achieve this goal often using violence in the name of religion. While terrorism practiced among Islamic organizations such as Al Qaeda is conducted under the influence of passion and zealotry, the acts of terror are perceived by the world as an irrational act of chaos and mental confusion. Given this dichotomy the global community must respond rationally and with a coherent and consistent policy. Body: On August 14, 2007, multiple car bombings in Al-Adnaniyah and Al-Qataniyah in Iraq killed upwards of eight-hundred people (Cave). The operation consisted of four suicide bomb attacks. Behind the attacks of September 11, 2001, this was the second worst act of terrorism in history. It was also the most deadly throughout all of the Iraq War. The apprehension that led up to this deadly car bombing included tension between Sunni Muslims and Yazidis. Sunni Islam, which is the largest branch of Islam, is often referred to as the orthodox and most zealous of all the branches of Islam. The Yazidis, however, are an extremely small minority religion that is located in northern Iraq. While no group has taken responsibility for the act, the United States believes that the terrorist organization Al Qaeda were the perpetrators (Tait). Abu Jassam, regarded to be the leader of Al Qaeda in Iraq during the attacks, was killed in 2007 by the United States military (AFP). This attack is an e... ...n Iraq Truck Bombings Is Raised to More Than 500", New York, NY: New York Times. 21 Aug. 2007: Web. "Christmas Attacks in Nigeria by Muslim Sect Kill 39." USAToday.com. USA Today Digital Services, 25 Dec. 2011. Web. Cruickshank, Paul. Al Qaeda: Critical Concepts in Political Science. Milton Park, Abringdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2013. Print Falk, Avner. Islamic Terror: Conscious and Unconscious Motives. Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2008. Print. Mshelizza, Ibrahim. "Christians Flee Attacks in Northeast Nigeria." Reuters.com. Reuters, 7 Jan. 2012. Web. Obinna, Ogbonnaya. "Boko Haram Is Battle for 2015, Says Chukwumerije." The Nation Online NG. The Nation, 29 Sept. 2011. Web. â€Å"‘Progress in destruction Syrian Chemical Weapons.† CNN. CNN, 06 Dec. 2013. Web. Tait, Paul. "Al-Qaeda Blamed for Yazidi Carnage." The Scotsman. The Scotsman, 16 Aug. 2007. Web.

William Jobling Essay -- Papers

William Jobling We have been exploring the true story of William Joblings tragic life. He was a miner from Jarrow in Newcastle, who in 1832, whilst on a miners strike, was falsely accused of the murder of a local magistrate called Nicolas Fairles. The real murderer was Ralph Armstrong, one of Joblings best friends and fellow miner. The stimulus came from a plaque that accompanied a statue of William Jobling in Jarrow. All improvisations came from that initial stimulus. As the stimulus was about a time long ago, and of a topic I was unfamiliar with, mining, I thought it would prove to be difficult. This story provides lots of interesting and exciting stimulus for drama through its various themes such as friendship, despair and betrayal. My group chose to follow the themes of comradeship, poverty, deceit, despair and friendship. These themes are especially evident in parts of the plot where the following characters and relationships are presented: Comradeship must have played a vital part in Joblings life when everyone agreed to go on strike. People like Armstrong and Hepburn, the leader of the strike, must have displayed comradeship to agree or to devise such a venture. So we decided our first scene would be around the fabricating of the strike. Times must have been hard when the miners were on strike and no money was coming in to the households. Jobling's and other miners' wives and families must have suffered from poverty at these times. Our second scene was to be an informative improvisation about these hardships. To leave your best friend to blame for a murder you committed is extremely deceiving. Deceit... ... went to plan. Everyone was mature and played their part well. It proved to them that making an effort does count. My only disappointment was the lighting in the murder scene. I had planned that every time Armstrong struck Fairles, there would be a blackout then the lights would return. The synchronising of this was bad and didn't give the effect we wanted. If I have learnt anything from this piece, it would be that using your rehearsal time wisely is essential in producing a high quality play plus it doesn't take years off your life in worry. I would also make it clear to other people in my group, that if they weren't prepared to put in sufficient effort and compromise then they would have to find another group as I didn't enjoy having to make all the decisions and trying to motivate people who couldn't care less. William Jobling Essay -- Papers William Jobling We have been exploring the true story of William Joblings tragic life. He was a miner from Jarrow in Newcastle, who in 1832, whilst on a miners strike, was falsely accused of the murder of a local magistrate called Nicolas Fairles. The real murderer was Ralph Armstrong, one of Joblings best friends and fellow miner. The stimulus came from a plaque that accompanied a statue of William Jobling in Jarrow. All improvisations came from that initial stimulus. As the stimulus was about a time long ago, and of a topic I was unfamiliar with, mining, I thought it would prove to be difficult. This story provides lots of interesting and exciting stimulus for drama through its various themes such as friendship, despair and betrayal. My group chose to follow the themes of comradeship, poverty, deceit, despair and friendship. These themes are especially evident in parts of the plot where the following characters and relationships are presented: Comradeship must have played a vital part in Joblings life when everyone agreed to go on strike. People like Armstrong and Hepburn, the leader of the strike, must have displayed comradeship to agree or to devise such a venture. So we decided our first scene would be around the fabricating of the strike. Times must have been hard when the miners were on strike and no money was coming in to the households. Jobling's and other miners' wives and families must have suffered from poverty at these times. Our second scene was to be an informative improvisation about these hardships. To leave your best friend to blame for a murder you committed is extremely deceiving. Deceit... ... went to plan. Everyone was mature and played their part well. It proved to them that making an effort does count. My only disappointment was the lighting in the murder scene. I had planned that every time Armstrong struck Fairles, there would be a blackout then the lights would return. The synchronising of this was bad and didn't give the effect we wanted. If I have learnt anything from this piece, it would be that using your rehearsal time wisely is essential in producing a high quality play plus it doesn't take years off your life in worry. I would also make it clear to other people in my group, that if they weren't prepared to put in sufficient effort and compromise then they would have to find another group as I didn't enjoy having to make all the decisions and trying to motivate people who couldn't care less.

Technique of Indirect Characterization in “The Great Gatsby”

There is no single work of literature in the world, where a full, completed characterization of a person would be, no matter if he/she is the main character, or does not play any role in the novel at all. The main idea is to develop an image of a character through actions of others, and as it gets more complicated, the greater novel becomes. In Fitzgerald’s â€Å"The Great Gatsby† the author uses the technique of indirect characterization to make the reader feel the atmosphere of the society of the nineteen-twenties by analyzing its behavior. Gatsby, the true representative of all the greatness, richness, and beautifulness of the period, plays the main role in the novel by being the most mysterious and fabulous person. This is the reason why everyone talks about him and creates various rumors about his enigmatic life. Nick and Jordan also play important roles. Their main job is to transmit the Gatsby’s character. During their first meeting they mentioned Gatsby’s name only once, but then it became usual and kept being talked about. When they first kissed, Jordan had already told Nick about Gatsby’s love to Daisy. These discussions tied them together. And as the relationship between Nick and Jordan becomes closer, more information the reader gets from the novel. There is another situation when Nick finds out some negative characteristics of Jordan, such as carelessness, the unsuccessful time period of Gatsby’s life becomes being known by Nick, and so, by the reader. Nick’s company makes Gatsby feel more comfortable and opened. He is not afraid of being trustful with him, because recognizes an unaffected person in Nick, it reminds Gatsby of himself. Nick, in his turn, finds out some characteristics of Gatsby, and creates an image of a swift, strong, and sometimes embarrassed man. The idea of manipulating characters in order to describe someone in a novel makes the reader think on the work, try to reorganize thoughts, and complete the image of the character.

Eating Behaviour In Schools Education Essay

Unhealthy eating behaviour can do obesity disease. This disease can happen both in kids and grownup. Fleshiness in kids or childhood fleshiness is an energy instability between Calories consumed and Calories expended. Unhealthy life style during childhood can be causes disablement in maturity and diabetes. The prevalence of fleshy kids around the universe has increased dramatically in recent old ages. In 2010 the figure of fleshy kids under the age of five, is estimated to be over 42 million. Close to 35 million of these are populating in developing states ( WHO, 2011 ) . WHO recognizes that the increasing prevalence of childhood fleshiness consequences from alterations in society. Childhood fleshiness is chiefly associated with unhealthy eating and low degrees of physical activity. Children and game is ever something together. Educational games â€Å" are games designed with specific course of study aims in head † ( Royle, 2008 ) frequently games that have been used in instruction have been developed to back up the pattern of factual information. Educational game might be the most suited game for the pre-school kids which bring cognition to the kids. Computer-based instruction games are the combination of instruction and amusement and copy the real-life environment. Game based acquisition ( GBL ) is remains one of the most effectual instruction schemes to advance acquisition. Among all application package, computing machine games are holding a shorter larning curve. If used efficaciously in a coherent and relevant manner, GBL can back up both the option of more pick for how the scholar can larn every bit good as offering the potency for personalising the acquisition experience ( Sugimoto, 2007 ) .PROBLEM STATEMENTOverweight and fleshiness is an emerging job among kids worldwide. In Thailand, the prevalence of fleshiness in 5-to-12 twelvemonth olds kids rose from12.2 % to 15.6 % in merely two old ages ( Rerkuppaphol, 2010 ) . To forestall childhood fleshiness is non really hard. The kids must devour healthy nutrient, particularly the pre-school kids in the age 3-7 old ages old they may non cognize what they should eat or should non because of their unequal ability has limited and deficiency of experience ( Zhang, 2009 ) .RESEARCH QUESTIONThis survey aims to reply the undermentioned inquiries: Do kids larn about healthy nutrient and nutrition? Is kids has ability to retrieve the healthy nutrient after playing game-based acquisition courseware?RESEARCH OBJECTIVEThe chief aim is to develop an synergistic game based larning courseware about healthy feeding. To accomplish this aim, the following sub-objectives have been identified: To supply cognition about nutrient foods to kids. To measure learning ability of kids after playing healthy eating game-based courseware.ScopeThis GBL merchandise is developing for pre-school kids in kindergarten, Thailand. The name of courseware is Happy Healthy Meal. It is about learning kids what healthy nutrients are. Before kids start the game, they will larn nutrition of each nutrient. Each nutrient will stand for nutrition to assist pupil easier to understand. There are 2 chief bill of fare for this courseware. First bill of fare is the presenting nutrient that will be used in the game. It will learn kids larn about healthy nutrient and nutrition. It will demo the image and nutrition of each nutrient in text. After finish all the nutrient debut, it will endorse to the chief bill of fare. Second is the game bill of fare where the kids will get down to play game here. It will supply direction how to play before kids start to play. This merchandise usage nutrient as a chief object. In this game, healthy nutrient and unhealthy nutrient will drop from the top. The kids need to snap on healthy nutrient merely before it gone. There is a male child as chief character. If the kids click on unhealthy nutrient, the character will be acquiring fat till game is over. But if the kids on the healthy nutrient, the character will be healthier like ruddy cheek, smiling, leaping. The position of character can promote kids larning actively. ( Zhang, 2009 ) This merchandise is deliverable in Cadmium and will be presenting in Thai linguistic communication.LITERATURE REVIEW6.1 Game-based acquisitionIn this literature will demo how GBL can pull kids. Rieber ( 2005 ) indicates â€Å" larning is believed to be achieved through active battle in which the instructor provides support, resources and encouragement † . Normally, pupils show their battle in playing complex computing machine games much more than they show in their school work. Prensky ( 2005 ) said that in order to do acquisition occur, pedagogues must first motivate and prosecute pupil in their acquisition activities. For battle to happen, pedagogue must make an environment that encourages student-teacher contact, cooperation among pupils and active participants between. Sing the difference in battle, the factor between media and GBL environments is the integrating of the game features. Hence, the intent of this GBL is besides to look into if a game is a better attack for actuating the involvement acquisition than other multimedia map entirely. Computer games provide a good environment for larning. The theories of larning are behavioural larning theory, cognitive acquisition theory and motive theory ( Sugimoto, 2007 ) .6.2 Educational game designCordova et Al. ( 1996 ) have shown that enhanced larning which is merriment can be more effectual. Using some simple educational undertakings, they demonstrated that larning embedded in a motivation puting improved learning results and that battle can ease acquisition. Learning occurs when the scholar is mentally involved and actively interacts within the game, where a balance of challenge and possible classs of action is provided. Harmonizing to Alessi & A ; Trollip ( 1991 ) educational game can be divided into three chief parts such as the debut, the organic structure of the game and the decision. Figure 6.1 show these parts. games.tiff Figure 6.1: The general construction and flow of the gamesGame in Health attentionGame for wellness attention is the games that move beyond the educational stage to the longer-term support of kids with chronic status. Games can utilize to actuate the kids by â€Å" reenforcing healthy picks, reminding of intervention particulars, deflecting their attending, and keeping more complete wellness position and intervention record † ( Watters et al. , 2006 ) . Pollak et Al. ( 2010 ) had developed a game â€Å" Time To Eat † a nomadic phone based intended to better adolescent eating behaviour. They designed the game like virtual-pet attention. The game focuses on pet attention as portion of a kid ‘s day-to-day modus operandi, which fits good with behavior alteration theoretical accounts in which repeated support. Watter et al. , ( 2006 ) has developed the long term intervention game. The participant will hold ain pet that kept in the back pack. If the participant neglects to take attention of the pet at appropriate times during the twenty-four hours the pet begins to look ailment. The nutrient pick is presented during the drama of this game to feed the favored become wellness.MethodologyMethodology describes the stages involved in developing the games based acquisition. There are more than 100 different ISD theoretical accounts, but about all are based on the generic â€Å" ADDIE † theoretical account, which stands for Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation, as illustrated in the Figure below. Each measure has an result that feeds the subsequent measure. Figure7.1 shows the ADDIE procedure. addieModel Figure 7.1: ADDIE Model7.1 AnalysisThe Analysis stage is the most of import stage in the ADDIE theoretical account. It identifies countries pre-school kids necessitating to larn about this merchandise, restraints exists, when this undertaking will be completed and what will pre-school kids make to find their competence. Developer will analyze the ends and aim of the presentation and the nature of participants to seek to find the rightness of the instructional design.7.2 DesignThe Design stage is concerned with capable affair analysis, game planning and media choice. It besides involves planing elaborate storyboards to ease the media development and content integrating. The user interface is an of import constituent and is the chief nexus between the pre-school kids and the acquisition courseware. In this stage, all the consequences from the analysis stage to make a design for direction.DevelopmentIn this stage, all sound, image, and nutrition content are collected, prepared, created and ready to be tested. Adobe Flash CS3 will utilize to make life and do the game expression synergistic. Sound Forge will utilize as audio tools. The content development squad develops instructional media based on the results of the design stage.ExecutionThe execution stage consists the testing of the undertaking with the pre-school kids. The kids will utilize Graphical User Interface ( GUI ) to take portion in developing direction. As we know, new merchandise normally represents a going from the manner concern is presently done.EvaluationEvaluation stage the kids and the instructional system are investigate to make up one's mind whether alterations are necessary or non. This stage include kids and instructor provide feedback on the effectivity of the games.Undertaking SIGNIFICANTUsing GBL can give large impact because these games differ from another game in the market. Furthermore, this is a manner to make something that is impressive plenty for people to stand up and take notice of GBL merchandise. Teaching utilizing GBL technique can assist teacher particularly to pull kids because this GBL merchandise was apply multimedia component by utilizing 2 Dimension ( 2D ) and sound. This courseware might promote the instructors and parents to improvize their ICT accomplishments and hands-on acquisition as a learning tool.